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Penatalaksanaan COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)
Penatalaksanaan COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) bergantung pada tingkat keparahannya, yaitu tanpa gejala, derajat ringan, derajat sedang, dan derajat berat atau kritis. Pada pasien dengan gejala ringan, isolasi dapat dilakukan di rumah. Pada pasien dengan penyakit berat atau risiko pemburukan, maka dapat dilakukan rawat inap.[1,6,7]
Obat-Obatan yang Memiliki Efektivitas untuk COVID-19
Berdasarkan Living WHO guideline on drugs for COVID-19, terdapat obat-obatan yang direkomendasi kuat untuk diberikan kepada pasien COVID-19 (strong recommendations in favour), yaitu kortikosteroid dan IL-6 receptor blockers. Kedua obat ini digunakan pada pasien dengan keparahan berat dan kritis, sedangkan pasien gejala ringan tidak ada rekomendasi kuat.[7,27-29]
Referensi
1. Cascella M, Rajnik M, et al. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
6. Burhan E, Susanto AD, et al. Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19: Edisi 4. 2022.
7. World Health Organization. Therapeutics and COVID-19 Living Guideline. WHO. 2022 Jan 14. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/351006/WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1-eng.pdf
9. Forchette L, Sebastian W, Liu T. A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19 Virology, Vaccines, Variants, and Therapeutics. Current Medical Science. 2021;41(6):1037-1051. doi:10.1007/s11596-021-2395-1
10. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020.
19. Kemenkes RI. Situasi COVID-19. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2023. https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id.
23. Kemenkes RI No. Hk.01.07/Menkes/4641/2021 tentang Panduan Pelaksanaan Pemeriksaan, Pelacakan, Karantina, dan Isolasi Dalam Rangka Percepatan Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mei 2021. https://covid19.go.id/storage/app/media/Regulasi/2021/Mei/kmk-no-hk0107-menkes-46
27. World Health Organization. Therapeutics and COVID-19 Living Guideline. WHO. 2022 Jan 14.
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35. Shinkai M, Tsushima K, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Favipiravir in Moderate COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients without Oxygen Therapy: A Randomized, Phase III Clinical Trial. Infect. Dis. Ther. 2021;10:2489–509.
36. Butler CC, Hobbs FDR, et al. Molnupiravir plus usual care versus usual care alone as early treatment for adults with COVID-19 at increased risk of adverse outcomes (PANORAMIC): an open-label, platform-adaptive randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2023 Jan 28;401(10373):281–93.
37. Pfizer. Pfizer’s novel COVID-19 oral antiviral treatment candidate reduced risk of hospitalization or death by 89% in interim analysis of phase 2/3 epic-hr study. 2021. https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizers-novel-covid-19-oral-antiviral-treatment-candidate
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45. Tzilas V, Manali E, et al. Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Promising Tool. Respiration. 2021;99(12):1087–9.
46. Aliyu B, Raji YE, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) in the treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). PLoS One. 2022 Dec 1;17(12):e0277206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277206. PMID: 36454880; PMCID: PMC9714710.
47. Bleyzac N, Goutelle S, Bourguignon L, Tod M. Azithromycin for COVID-19: More Than Just an Antimicrobial? Clin Drug Investig. 2020;40(8):683–6
48. Okumuş N, Demirtürk N, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of adding ivermectin to treatment in severe COVID-19 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1–11.
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51. Santamarina MG, Beddings I, et al. Sildenafil for treating patients with COVID-19 and perfusion mismatch: a pilot randomized trial. Crit Care. 2022 Jan 3;26(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03885-y. PMID: 34980198; PMCID: PMC8721481.
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53. Lenze EJ, Mattar C, et al. Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical Deterioration in Outpatients With Symptomatic COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(22):2292–2300.
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