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- Patofisiologi
- Etiologi
- Epidemiologi
- Diagnosis
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- Prognosis
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Etiologi Appendicitis
Etiologi appendicitis dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu karena obstruksi dan infeksi.
Obstruksi Apendiks
Obstruksi dalam lumen apendiks dapat diakibatkan oleh hal-hal berikut:
- Hiperplasia limfoid, etiologi yang paling umum
- Stasis fekal
- Fekalit, lebih umum pada orang lanjut usia
- Parasit
- Benda asing, sangat jarang
- Neoplasma, sangat jarang
Infeksi
Appendicitis akibat infeksi lebih umum terjadi pada anak-anak dan dewasa muda
Faktor Risiko
Beberapa hal yang meningkatkan risiko terkena appendicitis adalah jenis kelamin dan kebiasaan diet.
Wanita memiliki risiko mendapatkan appendicitis 25% dalam hidupnya, sedangkan pria 12%. Sedangkan pada kebiasaan diet rendah atau tidak berserat akan meninggikan viskositas feses, dan waktu transit, sehingga memudahkan pembentukan fekalit.[5-7]
Referensi
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2. McLennan, I. and J.K. Watt, Justification for Appendicectomy in Chronic Appendicitis. British Medical Journal, 1954. 2(4890): p. 736-738.
3. Sierakowski, K., et al., Unusual presentation of a familiar pathology: chronic appendicitis. BMJ Case Rep, 2016. 2016.
4. BMJ, Acute Appendicitis: Pathophysiology. Sep 2015.
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6. Arnbjornsson, E., Acute appendicitis and dietary fiber. Arch Surg, 1983. 118(7): p. 868-70.
7. BMJ, Acute Appendicitis: Epidemiology. Sep 2015.
8. Ilves, I., et al., Changing incidence of acute appendicitis and nonspecific abdominal pain between 1987 and 2007 in Finland. World J Surg, 2011. 35(4): p. 731-8.
9. Bair, M.J., P.H. Lee, and Y.J. Chan, Urologic manifestations of acute appendicitis secondary to metastatic cervical cancer. J Formos Med Assoc, 2007. 106(9): p. 784-7.
10. Simel, D.L. and D. Rennie, The Rational Clinical Examination - Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis David L Simel The Rational Clinical Examination - Evidence-Based Clinical Diagnosis and Drummond Rennie | McGraw-Hill Medical | 732pp | $66/ pound45.99 978 0 0715 9030 3 9780071590303 [Formula: see text]. Nurs Stand, 2012. 27(9): p. 30.
11. Alvarado, A., A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med, 1986. 15(5): p. 557-64.
12. Kalan, M., et al., Evaluation of the modified Alvarado score in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a prospective study. Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1994. 76(6): p. 418-419.
13. Kanumba, E.S., et al., Modified Alvarado Scoring System as a diagnostic tool for Acute Appendicitis at Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania. BMC Surgery, 2011. 11: p. 4-4.
14. Roberts, K.E., et al., Stump Appendicitis: A Surgeon's Dilemma. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 2011. 15(3): p. 373-378.
15. Kanona, H., et al., Stump appendicitis: A review. International Journal of Surgery, 2012. 10(9): p. 425-428.
16. Medscape. Appendicitis Differential Diagnoses. Jan 2017; Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/773895-differential.
17. Al-gaithy, Z.K., Clinical value of total white blood cells and neutrophil counts in patients with suspected appendicitis: retrospective study. World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES, 2012. 7: p. 32-32.
18. Yokoyama, S., et al., C-Reactive protein is an independent surgical indication marker for appendicitis: a retrospective study. World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES, 2009. 4: p. 36-36.
19. Xharra, S., et al., Correlation of serum C-reactive protein, white blood count and neutrophil percentage with histopathology findings in acute appendicitis. World Journal of Emergency Surgery : WJES, 2012. 7: p. 27-27.
20. Howell, J.M., et al., Clinical policy: Critical issues in the evaluation and management of emergency department patients with suspected appendicitis. Ann Emerg Med, 2010. 55(1): p. 71-116.
21. Bolandparvaz, S., et al., Urinary 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid as a test for early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Clin Biochem, 2004. 37(11): p. 985-9.
22. Drake, F.T., et al., Progress in the Diagnosis of Appendicitis: A Report from Washington State’s Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program (SCOAP). Annals of surgery, 2012. 256(4): p. 586-594.
23. Poortman, P., et al., Comparison of CT and sonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: a blinded prospective study. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2003. 181(5): p. 1355-9.
24. Xu, Y., et al., Sonographic Differentiation of Complicated From Uncomplicated Appendicitis: Implications for Antibiotics-First Therapy. J Ultrasound Med, 2017. 36(2): p. 269-277.
25. Kaddah, R.O. and A.M. Ayad, Multidetector CT evaluation of alternative diagnosis of clinically suspected acute appendicitis, appendicular and nonappendicular lesions. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 2016. 47(3): p. 669-677.
26. Pickhardt, P.J., et al., The Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography for Diagnosing Acute Appendicitis (Summaries for Patients). Annals of Internal Medicine, 2011. 154(12): p. I-36.
27. Brewster, G.S., M.E. Herbert, and J.R. Hoffman, Analgesia should not be given to patients with an acute abdomen because it obscures the diagnosis. Western Journal of Medicine, 2000. 172(3): p. 209-210.
28. Manterola, C., et al., Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007(3): p. CD005660.
29. BMJ. Appendicitis: Patient information from BMJ. Dec 2016; Available from: http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/pdf/patient-summaries/en-gb/531545.pdf.
30. Varadhan, K.K., K.R. Neal, and D.N. Lobo, Safety and efficacy of antibiotics compared with appendicectomy for treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ, 2012. 344: p. e2156.
31. Pisano, M., et al., Conservative treatment for uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults. Emergency Medicine and Health Care, 2013. 1(1).
