Gangguan kognitif pada anak malnutrisi dapat dicegah dengan pemberian formula padat nutrisi. Malnutrisi adalah konsekuensi dari rangkaian kekurangan asupan protein, karbohidrat, dan mikronutrisi.[1,2]
Malnutrisi menyebabkan dampak negatif jangka pendek dan jangka panjang, termasuk keterlambatan perkembangan anak di segala aspek, termasuk aspek motorik, adaptif, bahasa, dan sosial. Bahkan secara global, 45% kematian anak usia <5 tahun dikaitkan dengan malnutrisi. Kejadian malnutrisi tersebut umumnya berhubungan dengan praktek pemberian makan yang tidak tepat di tahun pertama kehidupan.[1,2]
Malnutrisi
Menurut WHO, malnutrisi merupakan keadaan di mana tubuh tidak mendapat asupan gizi cukup, atau terdapat ketidakseimbangan antara pemasukan dan penggunaan energi untuk mempertahankan kesehatan, mulai dari kekurangan nutrisi (wasted, stunting, underweight), kelebihan nutrisi (overweight, obesitas), hingga kekurangan vitamin/mineral tertentu.[2,3]
(Konten ini khusus untuk dokter. Registrasi untuk baca selengkapnya)
Referensi
1. Kar BR, Rao SL, Chandramouli BA. Cognitive development in children with chronic protein energy malnutrition. Behav Brain Funct BBF. 2008 Jul 24;4:31
2. WHO. Malnutrition. 2020 Feb. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition
3. IDAI. Rekomendasi Praktik Pemberian Makan Berbasis Bukti pada Bayi dan Batita di Indonesia untuk Mencegah Malnutrisi. 2020 Feb. http://www.idai.or.id/professional-resources/guideline-consensus/rekomendasi-praktik-pemberian-makan-berbasis-bukti-pada-bayi-dan-batita-di-indonesia-untuk-mencegah-malnutrisi
4. Pratt Hyde K, Conkin C, et al. Waterlow Criteria, Age and Diagnosis Identify Nutritional Risk in Pediatric Patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Sep;96(9):A28
5. CDC. Cognitive Impairment: A Call for Action, Now. 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/cognitive_impairment/cogimp_poilicy_final.pdf
6. Gruszfeld D, Socha P. Early Nutrition and Health: Short- and Long-Term Outcomes. In: Szajewska H, Shamir R, editors. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Basel: S. KARGER AG; 2013. p. 32–9. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/351482
7. Bourke CD, Berkley JA, Prendergast AJ. Immune Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Malnutrition. Trends Immunol. 2016 Jun;37(6):386–98
8. Laus MF, Vales LDMF, et al. Early Postnatal Protein-Calorie Malnutrition and Cognition: A Review of Human and Animal Studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Feb;8(2):590–612
9. Nyaradi A, Li J, et al. The role of nutrition in children’s neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Mar 26;7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607807/
10. Schneider N, Garcia-Rodenas CL. Early Nutritional Interventions for Brain and Cognitive Development in Preterm Infants: A Review of the Literature. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 23;9(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5372850/
11. Galler JR, Koethe JR, Yolken RH. Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Adolescence in Low-Resource Settings. Pediatrics. 2017 Apr 1;139(Supplement 1):S72–84
12. Acharya Y, Luke N, et al. Nutritional status, cognitive achievement, and educational attainment of children aged 8-11 in rural South India. PLoS ONE. 2019 Oct 9;14(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6784908/
13. Ip P, Ho FKW, Rao N, et al. Impact of nutritional supplements on cognitive development of children in developing countries: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017 Sep 6;7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5587553/
14. Cusick SE, Georgieff MK. The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the “First 1000 Days.” J Pediatr. 2016 Aug;175:16–21
15. Asuhan Nutrisi Pediatrik (Pediatric Nutrition Care). Rekomendasi Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. 2011. UKK Nutrisi dan Penyakit Metabolik. ISBN 978-979-8421-71-6